The former player: 'I really hoped to continue my rugby career'
Important note: This article includes details of discriminatory language and conduct
FormerEngland centre Luther Burrell claims that speaking out to reveal racism in professional rugby brought his professional journey to an early conclusion.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the game, displaying digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
Then 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what occurred," he told media outlets.
"I really wanted to continue competing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when news came out that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply come to terms with the outcome and understand that this whole situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in April 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but stated it could not collect sufficient proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's international games in 2014-15, but was controversially excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell revealed to media he also encountered discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him earn 15 appearances after his debut in 2014.
"I have had multiple traumatic experiences within England camp," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in team environments, in Burrell's view.
"This is something that has been disguised as humour and that's been the problem that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just begin to believe that it's the standard and that is acceptable and that it's not harmful, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was finally motivated to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "slave" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the introduction of an action plan for the professional game."
"We has placed significant focus on inclusion and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work undertaken both before and since Luther Burrell spoke publicly and shared his encounters of racism and classism," it added.
"We are continuing work with teams and partners in the professional game to work for a environment of inclusivity but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and PWR club now has in-person education on creating inclusive cultures, with its effectiveness tracked via specific documentation and surveys.
All England players, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to step in and defend others from damaging behaviour.
"You be so pleased of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the documentary Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this impact on you and ended your career, but in our view, you have achieved so well. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died shortly after the production of the film, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who was raised on a social housing in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more accessible.
His 12 Foundation works to reach children in under-served communities and support them succeed on and off the field with free sports coaching, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal intentions are genuine, I want to see the evolution of the sport and if others is prepared to tell their experience then I'll persist to advocate for that fight because I'm not just pursuing this for my own benefit," he said.
"Everyone involved have an responsibility to make the sport as great as it can be and the longer I talk about it perhaps the more confident fellow players will feel about discussing their own stories as well.
"I take the bull by the horns and continue bearing this flag and continue supporting this weight and do what I can to create opportunities and make the sport more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged children and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that rugby has the potential to transform their lives, just as it transformed things for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a return to previous team Northampton in late 2022